Grammar GLC Present Simple vs. Present progressive

Einfache Vergangenheit, abgeschlossene Handlungen, die in der Vergangenheit begonnen haben

Signalwörter: yesterday, last..., ago..., in 1990

Eine Handlung dauerte an, bis eine andere auftrat oder zwei oder mehr Handlungen geschahen zur selben Zeit in der Vergangenheit

Signalwörter: while, when

Vorvergangenheit, wenn etwas vor einem bestimmten Ereignis in der Vergangenheit geschehen ist.

Signalwörter: already, just, never

Einfache Gegenwart, beendete Handlungen, Gewohnheiten, wiederholte Handlungen oder Tatsachen
Signalwörter: always, often, never, sometimes, normally, every day/week, usually, often

Verlaufsform der Gegenwart, fortlaufende Handlungen welche noch nicht beendet sind

Signalwörter: right now, at the moment, now, just now, Look!, Listen!

Vollendete Gegenwart, Handlung die bis in die Gegenwart andauert und Auswirkungen auf die Gegenwart hat

Signalwörter: all day, since, for, how long?

Vorhersagen eines zukünftigen Ereignisses, unabwendbares Ereignis, spontaner Entschluss

Bestehender Plan, logische Schlussfolgerung

Stative situations: situations seen as internally unchanging
E.g.: facts, characteristics, habits, eternal truths

We use the present simple

Dynamic situations: Situations seen as in progress at the moment of speaking ("now" = point of reference)

We use the present progressive

-> are seen as occurring complete at the moment of speaking

We use present simple

E.g.: I hereby congratulate you on your exam
Turner passes the ball to McGregor- McGregor shoots - goal!

-> Sprecher beschreibt nicht die Situation, vielmehr ist das "sagen" der Akt. Die Äußerung führt die Handlung aus

E.g.: I hereby congratulate you on your exam result
E.g.: I hereby resing, I apologize

We use the simple present

Causal explanation: Explanation why somebody did it ; refer to two different situations

Reinterpretation: Interpretation why somebody did it: refer to one and the same situation in different terms

E.g.: He always talks loudly. His hearing aid does not work / is not working at the moment (Causal explanation)

He always talks loudly. He is seeking attention

Sentence 1: Suggest that she laughs as a consequence of seeing him

Sentence 2: Suggests that the situation of her laughing has already begun before she sees him

-> This is called a serial dynamic frame situation

1. Dynamic situations seen as in progress at the moment of speaking
2. Stative Situations seen as:
- temporary (As long as the weather is tropical, i'm having a shower every morning)
- changing (more and more people are dying from lung cancer)
- habits seen with annoyance + always/forever (I am always losing my keys)

1. See/look
2. Hear/ listen / sound
3. smell
4. Taste
5. Feel

Act of perception: It's when you sense or notice something directly using your eyes, ears, etc.

Inert perception: the perceiver is merely passively receptive. You notice something, but you don't actively process or interpret it. Simple present

Active perception: Subject actively directs his or her attention towards some object ("I am looking at Peter to find out if he is enjoying the party". We use present progressive unless it's a habit

It's when you say or think something what you perceive, usually by giving it a label or quality
E.g.: I (can) hear music. It must be my neighbours' daughter practicing the piano."
We use simple form

-> think, know, assume, understand, consider, believe, imagine, remember, forget, recognize, suppose, doubt, wonder, etc.

Active Cognition: Cognitive processes in which we engage deliberately (absichtlich) (present progressive)
-> E.g.: I'm thinking about going hunting tomorrow, I'm considering taking early retirement

Inert Cognition: We mean cognitive states and processes such as: opinions, assumptions, beliefs, comprehension, mental reactions (present simple)
-> E.g.: I think that hunting is cruel, I consider early retirement as the best options, I suppose you are right, he believes in god

1. Activities in progress (I'm having a shower)
2. Temporary experiences or sensations (He's having difficulty concentrating)
3. Arrangements for the future (I'm having a few friends over for tea on Saturday)

1. Possessions
-> I have my mother's car at the moment
-> He has my book, but he'll return it tomorrow
-> I have the house for the weekend

-> temporary behavioural display

E.g.: -> John may not generally be silly, but if he is temporarily behaving in a silly manner, we can say, "John is being silly".

-> We do not use the progressive form if they refer to temporary moods & emotions