Week 5 and 6: Poetry

- high degree of verbal pattering or design 

- musical quality, careful crafting of sound patterns 

- high density, shortness/brevity 

- deviation from everyday language (metre, rhyme, rhetorical figures) 

--> literariness

- foregrounding of acoustic potential of language

- specific typographical presentation: lines and stanzas 

- often focus on interiority (feelings and experience of speaker), relative unimpirtance of external action 

- iften dereferentialized utterances: no reference to time or space

stanzas are identified on the basis of the number of lines of verse they contain 

- paired lines of verse couplet

- paired lines of verse written in iambic pentameter heroic couplet

- three lines tercet 

- four lines quatrain

- five lines quintet

- six lines sestet 

- seven lines septet

- eight lines octet

no stanzaic structure, continous sequence of lines of roughly the same length 

non-rhyming iambic pentameter, often stichic 

- consists of quatrains

- usually thyming abcb

- usually iambic tetrameter alternates with iambic trimeter

- often used in long, narrative poems

- quintet

- usually 2 lines trimeter, 2 lines anapestic dimeter, 1 line trimeter 

- used for nonsense verse 

- septet

- iambic parameter

- rhyming ababbcc

- octet

- usually iambic 

- rhyming abababcc

- nine lines

- first eigt lines pentameter & final line usually hexameter

- rhyming ababbcbcc

- very short poem

- often presented in three lines 

- consists of seventeen syllables

no metre

- direct adress through apostrophes 

- changes of speech situation & perspective

- pattern of stressed & unstressed syllables

- smallest unit: foot 

- can be specified according to: type of foot & number of feet in a line 

--> organising principle or grid 

concrete manner in which this grid is filled 

- end-rhyme & internal rhyme 

- masculine rhyme: last syllable stressed

- feminine rhyme: end unstressed

- triple rhyme: more than 3 syllables --> end rhymes

- identical rhyme: same word

- eye-rhyme: word looks alike, different pronounciation 

- half-rhyme: similar consonants

- anaphora: word or phrase repeated in the beginning

- epiphora: repitition at the end 

- epanalepsis: repetition during verse

- polyptoton: same word used in different versions 

- figura etymologica: root of word the same 

- parallelism: clause or sentence of same structure 

- chiasm: different order/structure

- asyndeton: no conjunctions

- polysyndeton: linked through conjunctions

- inversion: uncommon word order used

- ellipsis: (...) for pause or shortage of obvious context

- zeugma: one word used for more objects

- metaphor 

- simile: comparison 

- personification: object treated like person

- synesthesia: cool, bitter cold, loud color 

- synechdoche: vice versa 

- mentonymy: term replaced by logically, antologically or causally connected term 

- symbols

- euphemism

- hyperbole: exaggeration 

- irony: opposite is meant

- litotes: meaning a quality through negating the opposite 

group of texts or similarities defined by communication, mood, content, relation to reality and aesthetic effects

- short

- focus on feelings & conciousness of speaker

- no external action 

- longer

- cast of characters

- plot

- more than protagonist's life 

- drama with verse form

- often monologue 

- 14 lines, iambic pentameter

- Italian/Petrarchan sonnet 

• octet + sestet
• volta after octet --> answer to question asked in octet 
• envelope rhyme (abba abba); can vary in sested 

- English sonnet

• three quatrains + one couplet 
• twist, summary or conclusion in the couplet 

example: Surrey

- no specific structure

- elevated & formal language

- about dignified topic (often godlike person) 

example: Percy Bysshe Shelly 

- usually quatrains in iambic pentameter with alternate rhyme 

- sad topic, tragic human existence, mortality 

- grave & formal language 

- quatrain rhyming abcb

- story being told, simple

- one or more characters talk through dialogues

- straight forward 

- clearly identified historical/fictional character

- adresses implicit/explicit audience --> if identified directly adressed 

- insight of speaker --> revealation of intentions

- often imitates past dialogues 

- diction & rythm ordinary speech