Week 11/12 and 13

- worker is a slave of upper class, also children

- horrific working conditions

--> social struggles between possesive bourgeoisie & proletariat --> capitalism 

- materialism 

- history as class struggle

- bourgeoisie

- proletariat

- alienated labour 

- only believe in facts that could be seen (no religion)

- class struggle was driving force

- profit & production of goods for wage labour important

- not seen as talent or individual art production 

- mass production in factory

group believe that differs from other group with a political or social function 

the superstructure of a society is conditioned and determined by the economic base upon which it rests

different groups share view

different generations have their own system of language that also overlaps (+ social level)

2 voices share same utterance --> co-presence exposes ideology

authorative discourse: the word of a teacher, father or god, politic

internally persuasive discourse: what someone made us believe 

(church, media) maintain state power by perpetuating and fostering ideology 

 individuals can't be themselves outside of those apparatuses 

• ideology constitutes individuals as subjects
• lives in apparatuses and its practices
• individual participates freely chosen in regular practices 

new class of those who stand for everything the gonvernment is misdoing on society

appreciating middle class where many cultures come together and what you can't change anyways 

not the same as biological sex --> we learn and think and enact what it means to be a man or woman (--> cultural construct)

• from childhood on parents dress, say what a gender should look like
• changed over time (dress codes, colours ...)
• social consequences (career)
• from socially acceptable to unaccepted and funny 

- focault: not stable during time

- influenced by society --> not forced by nature but by own interest

- "sodomy" everything that wasn't traditional accepted sex

- 1870 onwards: homosexuality as identity, but seen as disease

- sexual identity is changing even today 

- Virginia Woolf

- Simone de Beauvoir 

culture organized in facor of men, all levels are hierachy where women are being oppressed 

men are audience --> women are erotic objects because many authors were male (dehumanized, always naked) 

focus on female authored texts and their techniques that had been forgotten over time

androtexts vs. gynotexts --> expansion of canon 

writing from womens view and experience (trying to find back alienated body that has been taken from us) 

- emerged 1990s

- focus on literary and cultural constructions of feminity and masculinity

- focus on intersections between race, class, gender and sexuality 

- focus on queer sexual identities, exposing and rejecting heteronormativity (heterosexuality normal in society through movies etc.)

gender performance <--> performativity only certain gender when we live gender 

- rejection of heteronormativity (heterosexuality normal in society through movies etc.)

ideology and policy of establishing political power over a foreign nation or territory

practice of Imperialism: settlement of territory --> exploitation of resources and govern over occupied inhabitants 

social construct: group of shared features like cultural practices, language or race to oppress ("Europe as norm")

social construct: foregrounding physical/biological differences to disempower certain groups 

- Wolfrey: means of binary opposition: civilized and savage

- Dyer: raced people only can speak for their race; whites are non-raced 

- anglo-saxon race should take over whole world 

- charles dickens: "noble savage" not better than animals about tribes

representing, studying and knowing East that turns into west's other 

Orient = western construct; projection of fears and desires onto orient 

binary opposition: self/identity and other/alterity 

- hybridity: being in between two cultures; literary: combiens different cultural influences --> many writers (english) indian

- mimicry: colonised imitate practices of colonisers; tryto conceal stereotypes --> worked for colonisers --> learned language --> threat to orientalist structure --> subversive strategy, but still no equality 

- discourses on race also important to multicultural societies 

- globalisation fead to diasporic communities: own culture left behind therefore live strange culture as their own; strategic essentialism to speak from more powerful political position

metaphor to express people with two identities therefore lost in between two countries 

lowest rank in society

- most disposessed and marginalized voiceless groups of postcolonial or colonial societies (uneducated women) most disadvantaged

western postcolonial critics perpetuate oppression and exploitation through assigning collective identity to subaltern 

--> try to give subaltern a voice but only make it worse and benefit from their misery