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Christopher Columbus

- Landed 12th October 1492 in Bahamas

- sponsored by Spanish King Frederick, Queen Isabella (economic and religious reasons)

Columbian Exchange

- American-Europe exchange if plants (Tobacco, Chocolate, sugarcane), animals, diseases (smallpox, measles)

- Europe benefitted, native population ravaged by disease

- new crop > plantations > transatlantic slave trade (also Christianity)

Reformation

- Luther 1517, Calvin 1530 caused religious & political schism in Europe

- America drawn into European religion wars

- creation of the Pilgrims

Puritans > Pilgrims

- Henry 8 makes CoE for known reasons

- Puritans want CoE even less catholic, unsatisfied and split from England, become "Pilgrims"

- covenant of god, covenant of work

city upon a hill

major colonies

- Jamestown (1607)

- (P) Massachusettes Bay, Plymouth (1620)

- Barbados (1627)

- lost Roanoke (1648)

- Chesapeake Bay

who was colonising

- Netherlands (economic)

- Spain/Portugal (economic and spreading catholicism)

- France (spreading catholicism)

- England (economic and Protestantism) (pilgrims pilgrimaging)

Restoration

- after Catholic/protestant civil war, beheading of Charles I, Cromwell's Republic

- Inter-Regum= time between kingly rule

- restoration of monarchy and Protestantism via crowning of Charles II

- creation of Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania ("proprietary colonies"> rule give to individuals and families)

- consequently more slavery <> more trade with England

Metacom war

(- King Phillip)

- leader of Wampanoag

- dies at the end

- mid 17th century New England

- Puritans massively spread across Native Land

- Wampanoag + allied tribes destroyed half of English frontier but to no avail

- more racial hatred, now natives as bloodthirsty savages

Bacon's Rebellion

- Nathaniel Bacon wanted to drive Natives out of Virginia, Governor William Berkley refused > Bacon armed rebellion

- white and black slaves fought in solidarity to get rid of natives

- led to more racial hatred against Africans to prevent African-white lower classes solidarity > chattel slavery

Stono's Rebellion

- armed insurrection by black slaves, killed 20-25 whites, rebellion put down by militia

- white fear > harsher laws (eg education forbidden, organisation forbidden

french Indian war/ seven years war

- territory conflicts between Brits and France (Brits wanted westwards where the french were) lead to GWashington 1754 leading attack against french soldiers

- native allies in either side

- britain won: french land conquered in America and Carribbean (+ some Africa and India), world power, debttttt

- France lost: lost all north American land, lost native trade partners, build up to french revolution

- natives lost France as peaceful-ish trade partner, lost land to Brits, increased oppression violence and enslavement

- military experience and taxes due to debt lead to American Revolution

acts and taxes

- sugar act (1764): tax on sugar, colonists no right to trial by jury

- stamp act (1765): tax on printed paper > control of news, "no taxation without representation" > sons/daughters of liberty

- quartering act (1765): Americans had to offer their own quarters to British soldiers if required

- declaratory act (1766): British parliament highest, American laws parliament disagrees with "null and void"

- Townsend Act (1767): taxed many everyday goods, governors appointed by crown

- Indemnity Act (1766): reduced export and raised import tax on tea > Boston Massacre

> led to first continental congress

Boston Massacre

- tea act caused protests in Boston harbour

- protestors threw snowballs, British soldiers opened fire, five died (first man of Wampanoag and African descent)

> increased tension

Boston tea party

-beitc granted tax relief but colonies not

- protestors threw 1 Mio $ of Tea into harbour

- Sons/Daughters of Liberty organise boycott of Brit goods, lotta smuggling

> increased control, intolerable acts

First Continental Congress

- 1774 in Philadelphia (12/13 states present)

- intended retribution for acts and Boston Massacre, but no complete separation (yet)

- formation of militias, joined boycotts

> unity and challenge to British power

loyalists vs patriots

loyalists: economic/family ties to England, scared of war, religious objection to war, slaves hoped England could give them freedom

patriots: English rule unfair and oppressive, Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"

Deceleration of Independence

- 4th July 1776

- written by Thomas Jefferson and John Adams

- "all men are created equal" (hypocritical for obvious reasons)

- men who signed are the founding fathers

End of Rev War
- 1783 Treaty of Paris
- us gained independence and additional land, loyalists ousted, westward expansion possible
- natives massively lost land to USA, overrun by westward expansion
Articles of Confederation
  • written 1777, approved 1781
  • means to create a functional FEDERAL government
  • many proposals failed because fear of strong national government (eg no national tax)
  • organisation of westward expansion very successful and popular and influential
Shay's Rebellion
- 1786, Massachusetts
- alliance of ordinary people, farmers, veterans, leader Daniel Shays (veteran)
- cause: economic crises cuz high tax and debt and paper money inflation, people's land was seized
- consequence: some deaths, similar rebellions in other states, how should the national army work, how to prevent anarchy and chaos
3/5th compromise
- 1787 during constitutional convention
- representation in parliament dependent on population
- southerners wanted slaves counted as people, northerners didn't
- compromise: slaves count as 3/5th person, increases southern presence in house of representatives
Alexander Hamilton
  • founder of first national bank, New York Post
  • shot in 1804 by VP Burr
  • Founding Father
  • Key architect of US political and financial system
  • Wrote federalist papers, founder of federalist party (Vs Jefferson's democratic-republicans)
  • beginning of American Capitalism
  • promoted economy, commerce, made republic creditworthy
Federalists vs Anti-Federalists
- Federalists (eg Hamilton, Adams) wanted strong national government and centralised republic
- Anti-Federalists (eg Madison, Jefferson) felt strong government like Britain 2.0 would threaten individual freedom and states rights
Bill of Rights
- 1789 proposed by Madison and approved by Congress
- first ten amendments
- enshrined some individual freedoms
- softened up anti-federalists
Revolution of 1800
- decline of federalist popularity (too much like aristocracy)
- first transition of power between parties (Adams federalist to Jefferson democratic-republicans) (PEACEFUL)
- Jefferson reversed federalist policies, transitioned government to limited power, big states rights
(- Jan 6 2021 first non-peacful transition between parties)
Corrupt Bargain
- election 1824
- Jackson won popular vote but John Quincy Adams won electoral college
- Jackson and supporters suspected Henry Clay (Speaker of the House) manipulated Electoral College, Adams and Clay had a lot of sway with Electoral College
> Jackson and co called this the Corrupt Bargain
Tariffs of Abominations
- Clay and Adams supporters taxed south heavily, south grew convinced government didn't have their best interests at heart, favoured north
westward expansion
- Manifest Destiny (Christina entitlement, like City upon a Hill)
  • 1803 Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson brokered land from France > US doubled in size (> should new states get slavery?)
  • 1804 Lewis and Clark expedition organised by jefferson into newly acquired western territories
  • 1820 Missouri Compromise: westward expansion threatened balance of pro Vs anti slavery states, 36° latitude line above which slavery would be forbidden (except Missouri)
  • 1830 Indian Removal Act: trail of tears: Five Civilized Tribes violently displaced to Oklahoma because their native land was valuable, fertile
  • Mexico invites Americans to settle on land to keep it white, 1836 American settlers rebel, secede > Texas, 1845 US annexes Texas consensually, 1846 Mexican-American War over border disputes > US wins 1848, gains Nevada, Colorado, Texas, California, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, New Mexico > can they have slavery?