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New Historicism/ Cultural Materialism

  • worried that society splits apart bc of intermarriages between social classes
  • Darwinian thought constructs

Ecocriticism

  • Eloi = Children, little people
  • Morlocks= Little & ugly people

Book studies =

= Books seen as a commodity, international movement through time -> beginning of science fiction

Genre of the Time Machine

Novella (Shorter than a Novel, One narrative situation)


(The Time Machine Marks the beginning of a great imaginary narrative development. Using different covers to reach different target readers)

Structuralism

Present vs Future

Eloi vs Morlocks

Aristocracy vs Working Class

Expectation vs Reality of Future

2 Narrators:

1) Frame Narrator ( has no name), First Person Narrator & trustworthy, the frame Narrative gives credibility to the story


2) Narrator inside the frame (Time Traveller), First Person Narrator, Direct speech but not to us, the readers, but to the frame narrator & the other group of ppl. Intradiegetic narrator, embedded narrator, First-person perspective. -> Truthclaim of this story is removed bc its so direct

Genres of the Time Machine

1) Scientific romance

2) "Novum," (=Innovation) & "cognitive estrangement" (=not close to world that's described within text)

3)Speculative Fiction

4)Dystopia

5)Adventure stories


Poststructuralism/ Deconstruction

  • Time Traveller's view of the future is deconstructed
  • TT assumes a general view translating to the whole future world, even though he only sees part of it

Psychoanalytical criticism

TT experiences in the underground world:

  • Morlocks = Violence that is suppressed within
  • Eloi= ethereal being

Womb theory bc of tunnel description

Penetrating= sexual

Readers reception/ phenomenology/ cognitive studies:

  • How often TT is wrong with his assumptions
  • Reliable Narrator TT bc he is aware of wrong assumptions?



Genderstudies / Feminism

Weena= female reference

Separation of sexes only needed in difficult/ harmful times=> in future no such specialisation

Marxist Approach

  • Class system
  • Starts with English politics
  • Idea of social paradise

Postcolonial Theory

  • Not much indication
  • TT is rich tho
  • Morlocks = Slaves?
  • Eloi all look the same
  • Creatures of the dark = Morlock
  • Creatures of the light Eloi
  • TT thinks he is superior to Eloi
  • Weena is the only one given an individual personality