Philosophy and Psychology L8: Scientific Integrity, Public perception, Theory-ladenness, Inductivism, The induction principle

Scientific integrity: when communicating scientific data to the public

1. (relevant/irrelevant) information interferes with the people's ability to critically consider the underlying logic of the explanation

2. people think the level of higher scientific reasoning is determined by articles (with/ without) brain study images

3. people often understand brain images that illustrate results (correctly/ incorrectly)

4. interpretation of neuroimaging (is/ is not) theory dependent

brain ontology = what we think can be found in the brain

ex: attention, semantics, empathy, STM, LTM

autorship = 1. confers credit and has academic, social and financial implications 2. implies responsibility and accountability for published work

criteria for autorship

1. (has/ has not) to contribute to the conception, design, analysis or interpretetion of data

2.  (has/ has not) to draft or revise work

3. (has/ has not) to approve the final version

4.  (has/ has not) to agree accountable for the work: questions related to accuracy oe integrity need to be investigated

This is an example of 9 cricles of scientific hell.

Limbo

Overselling

Post-Hoc story telling

P-value Finishing

Creative outliers

Plagiarism

Non-publication

Partial Publication

Falsification

Universities punish behaviors as ?

1.  fabrication: making up data and presenting it as real

2.  falsification:  falsifying data and covertly rejecting obtained results

3.  plagiarism: plagiarise publications and results of others

4.  deliberately ignoring/ not acknowleding contributions of other authors

5,  intentionally making incorrect use of statistical methods

6.  falsly posing as co-author

7.  commiting attributable inaccuracies when carrying out research

8.  allowing & concealing  misconduct of colleagues

public perception of science:

- (worries/hope) about the impact of the replication crisis and methodological problems

- (pro/anti) science movements

- there (is/ is no) doubt about basic scientific assumptions

- sciencie (is/ is not) theory laden

- observation (is/ is not) determined solely by the object viewed

- perceptual experiences of a skilled observer (are/ are not) the same compared to an untrained observer

observable facts (are/are not) linguistic statements

observations are passed through language, not the senses

inductivism= theory can be derived from facts

inductivism

- (is/ is not) problematic because of theory ladenness

- (is/ is not) problematic because of  logic of induction

induction principle = if a largue number of facts (A) have been observed under a variety of conditions, and all of those facts (A) process the property (B), without exception,  then all of those facts have the property (B)

problems with inductivism:

- we (do/ dont) know how many observations we need

- we (do/ dont) know what counts as significant variation in circumstances

- there (will/ wont) always be exceptions

science is based on (inductivism/falsificationism)

Match!

1: Reject H0, but H0 is true Type I error

2: Rject H0, and H0 is false power

3: Accept H0, and H0 is true significance level

4: Accept H0, but H0 is false Type II error

power, significance level, Type I error, Type II error