MC AMG2

Genes

a) a ncRNA is encoded by a gene

b) a centromere is a gene, because it is an essential unit of the chromosome

c) genes are cistrons, except in cases of intragenic complementation

d) a gene is a point in the genome, thus recombination is always between genes and

therefore unable to create one functional from two nonfunctional alleles

Dominant versus epistatic

a) A is dominant over a: Pht(a,A)=Pht(A,A) (“Pht()” means “Phenotype of”)

b) A is epistatic to locus B, means: Pht(a,b)=Pht(A,b) (although Pht(A,b)≠Pht(A,B))

c) If gene A turns I1 into I2 and gene B I2 into I3 and if the pathway is non redundant, then

the null mutant a is epistatic to locus B (I1, I2, I3 Intermediates)

d) An allele is dominant over another one, if it is upstream in the same pathway

Complementation

a) Two mutants in different genes complement each other

b) As a result of cell-mating complementation occurs, if the mating partners do not carry

mutations in the same gene

c) In some cases complementation can occur between two alleles of the same gene, each

carrying a different mutation

d) In some cases complementation can also occur by addition of wild type genes other

than the defective one

4.Intra- vs extragenic complementation

a) Genetic complementation between mutations in different genes does not require wild

type alleles

b) Extragenic complementation is rare and requires mutations in different functional

domains

c) Intragenic complementation is rare and depends on the presence of domains that

function independently

d) Molecular complementation depends on addition of the wild gene

1.Dominant vs epistatic

a) a is epistatic to b, if the double mutant (a,a/b,b) has the same phenotype as the single

mutant (a,a)

b) a is epistatic to locus b, means: Pht(a,b)=Pht(a,B) .. (although Pht(A,b)≠Pht(A,B))

c) dominant: Pht(A,A)=Pht(a,A)

d) dominant relates alleles of 1 gene, epistatic relates an allele to another gene

e) A is dominant over a: Pht(a,A) = Pht(a,a)

2.gene vs allele

a) a ncRNA is not encoded by a gene, because it is not translated

b) a centromere is not a gene, because it is not transcribed

c) a bacterial cistron is not a gene, because it contains several functional units

d) a gene is a functional unit in the genome, activated by transcription while an allele is a

sequence variant of a gene

e) a bacterial operon is not a gene because it contains several functional units

4.Suppressor mutation

a) A suppressor mutation blocks the expression of another gene

b) A suppressor mutation can’t occur in the same gene

c) A suppressor mutation must occur in tRNA

d) A suppressor blocks the appearance of a mutant phenotype

4.What is the phenotype?

a) Many genes do not cause a phenotype

b) The phenotype of a given mutation must be detectable under all conditions

c) The phenotype of a mutation can change according to the situation

d) The phenotype is the observable impact of an allele

complementation

a) In a genetic cross, complementation occurs, if the parents do not carry mutations in the

same gene and mutations are recessive

b) In some cases complementation can also occur by addition of wild type genes other

than the defective one

c) Every mutation can be "complemented" by addition of the correct wild type gene

d) In some cases complementation can occurs between two alleles, carrying two different

mutations

gene vs. allele

a) a ncRNA is encoded by a gene, although it is not translated

b) a telomere is not a gene, because it doesnt function through transcription

c) a gene is a unit in the genome functioning through transcription, while an allele is a

sequence variant of a gene

d) a bacterial operon is a gene, although it contains several functional units

dominant vs. epistatic

a. dominant relates various alleles of one and the same gene, while epistatic

relates an allele of one gene to another gene

b. A is dominant over a: Pht(a,A)=Pht(A,A)

c. a is epistatic to locus B, means: Pht(a,b)=Pht(a,B); (although Pht(A,b)≠Pht(A,B))

d. a is epistatic to locus B, if the double mutant (a,a/b,b) has the same phenotype as the single mutant b,b

What is the "phenotype"?

a. The phenotype of a given mutation must be detectable under all conditions

b. "Null mutants" for many genes do not cause a phenotype

c. The phenotype is the observable impact of an allele

d. The phenotype of a mutation can be completely suppressed by suitable nongenetic

influences

Falsifyability

a) According to Popper’s critical rationalism (P.c.r), a Sc.Hyp can’t be claimed true, without evidence

b) b) According to P.c.r. a single experiment, if well performed, can prove a hypothesis forever

c) According to P.c.r. a single experiment, if well performed, can disprove a hypothesis forever

d) According to P.c.r. a scientific hypothesis must make a prediction, which can be proven wrong

THE FEW RECOMBINANTS DURING A BACTERIAL CROSS COULD ARISE BECAUSE OF

a) a low, but equal possibility of recombination between the partner strains or from

b) a small subset of donor cells with high recombination probability.

Mapping

The low frequency of recombinations is due to

a) Poor activity of the recombination process in all F+ cells

b) Presence of rare donors with high recombination activity

PHAGE LAMBDA LYSOGENY

a) C1 represses lambda’s lysogenic genes, c2 activates int- and c1 transcription, c3 stabilizes

c2

b) C1 represses lambda’s lysogenic genes, c2 represses int- and c1 transcription, c3

destabilizes c2

c) C1 represses lambda’s lytic genes, c2 activates int- and c1 transcription, c3 stabilizes c2

d) C1 represses lambda’s lytic genes, c2 represses int- and c1 transcription, c3 destabilizes c2

BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION

a) The mechanism of gram+ and gram- DNA uptake is not related

b) Gram- bacteria possess an outer membrane requiring an additional pore for DNA uptake

c) Gram+ bacteria possess an outer membrane requiring an additional pore for DNA uptake

d) Gram+ and gram- bacteria have a pilus structure, a dsDNA receptor and an inner membrane pore in common

4.Intra- vs extragenic complementation

a) Genetic complementation between mutations in different genes does not require wild type alleles

b) Extragenic complementation is rare and requires mutations in different functional domains

c) Intragenic complementation is rare and depends on the presence of domains that function independently

d) Molecular complementation depends on addition of the wild gene

a) This experiment is about the 5’→3’ exonuclease activity of Pol I

b) This experiment is about the 5’→3’ exonuclease activity of Pol III

c) This experiment is about the 3’→5’ exonuclease activity of Pol I

d) This experiment is about the 3’→5’ exonuclease activity of Pol III

e) This experiment is about the 3’→5’ endonuclease activity of Pol I

f) This experiment is about the 5’→3’ endonuclease activity of Pol III

g) The experimental read out can be directly done by measuring the radioactivity in the

scintillation counter

h) The experimental read out can be done only after precipitation

i) The experimental read out needs to distinguish between precipitation and supernatant

j) It shows that in absence of proper nucleotides 3’→5’ activity removes correct bases

k) It shows that Cs are better removed than Ts

l) It shows that Ts are better removed than Cs

m) It suggests that stalling of the polymerase is the mechanism of mismatch recognition

n) It suggests that proofreading activity uses the exonuclease activity during stalling

o) It shows that A-T pairs are more stable than G-C pairs

p) It shows that imbalance between nucleotides

Genes

A) a gene is a point in the genome, thus recombination is always between genes and therefore unable to create one functional from two nonfunctional alleles

B) a gene is a functional unit in the genome acting through translation

C) a centromere is a gene

D) a ncRNA is encoded by a gene

A)If gene A turns 11 into 12 and gene B 12 into 13 and if the pathway is non redundant, then the null mutant a is epistatic to locus B (11,12,13 Intermediates)

C)a is epistatic to locus B, means: Pht(a,b)=Pht(a,B)

(although Pht(A,b)#Pht(A,B))

D)if an allele is upstream in the same pathway, it can be epistatic to the downstream locus.