Math. Modelle

statistical errors

unpredictable fluctuations in measured data points

environmental noise, fluctuations in instrument precision or human error during measurement

vary in magnitude and direction

tend to cancel out when multiple measurements are averaged
-> distribution around the true value

consistent and predictable

affects all measurements in the same way

can arise from flaws in experimental design, calibration issues or equipment malfunction

skew results away from the true value

less likely to be detected through repeated measurements alone

how close a measured value is to the true or accepted value

degree of correctness

affected primarily through systematic errors

high accuracy -> systematic errors minimized

reflects how close individual measurements are to each other

degree of repeatability or reproducibility

affected primarily through random errors

high precision -> random errors minimized