Linguistics - Part 1 some terms

scientific study of language

it covers structure

-->morphology, syntax

it covers sounds

-->phonology

it covers meaning

-->semantics

-identification, description and

classification of sounds used in

articulated speech

-study of human sounds

Study of Sound systems of a language

-branch of grammar which studies structure and Form of words

-uses morpheme construct

-deals with word formation processes

Synchronic L.:

-language viewed at particular point

in time

Diachronic L.:

-lamguage viewed over time (period)

-air passes constriction somewhere between glottis and lips

-turbulence arises when air passes through small gap -> typical noise

-also called: spirant

-voiced fricatives:

ð in them, v in vote, ʒ in vision,

z in zoo

-voiceless fricatives:

θ in thin, f in face, ʃ in she,

s in so, h in he

-phonetic segment

-a plosive followed by a fricative

-act as one phonological unit

-e.g. /tʃ/ in church

        /dʒ/ in judge

-sound produced by complete blockage of pulmonic airstream

-e.g. /p/, /t/, /k/

-also called: stop

-sound that lies between vowel and consonant

-little friction and high degree of sonority

-also called: semi vowel

-e.g. /j/, /w/ (eng)

-opening of nasal cavity by lowering the velum

-air flows through nasal cavity

-e.g. n, m

-smallest meaning distinguishing unit in a language

-each phoneme has one or more Realisations --> allophones

-written in slashes

E.g. /k/, /g/

-Realisation of a phoneme

-written in square brackets

-differences can be hard to distinguish

-which allophone is used frequently depends on position in word or preceeding vowel

-E.g. [ç] or [x] in german depends on preceeding kind of vowel

-Vowel which is articulated with a change in tounge position

-e.g. /ai/ in English or german

-Vowel which is articulated with tounge in constant position

-e.g. /o:/ in german "Boot"

-any two words which are only distinguished by different sounds in one single position

-e.g. railing / sailing

-shows that these sounds are phonemes in the respective language because they change meaning of word

-all patterns of strong and weak syllables in a language

-counted: stressed syllable and all unstressed ones up to the next stressed one

-acoustic prominence of a syllable in a word

-involves raising frequencies and volume

-most important structural unit in phonology

-onset - nucleus - coda

-nucleus+coda= rhyme

-closed syllable

-->has a coda

-open syllable

-->has no coda

-smallest meaning carrying unit

-realised by morphs

-types with examples:

--Free lexical m.: dog

--free grammatical m.: the

--bound lexical m.:  -ment

--> also called derivational m.

--bound grammatical m.: - er

--> also called inflectional m.

-the 8 inflectional morphemes are:

{Plural}, {Possessive}, {3rdPrs.Ind},

{Past},{Pres.Part},{PastPart.},

{Comparative},{Superlative}

-realised a morpheme

-any item of language that can't be broken down any further without a loss of meaning

-number 7

-makes labial sounds

-[p], [b], [m], [w]

-number 5

-makes dental and

labio-dental sounds

-dental: [θ], [ð]

-labio-dental: [f], [v]

-number 2

-makes alveolar sounds:

[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l]

-makes post-alveolar sounds:

[ɹ] in rap

-makes palato-alveolar sounds:

[ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ]

-number 3

-makes palatal sounds

-[j] in yellow

-number 4

-makes velar sounds

-[k], [g], [ŋ]

-number 6

-makes uvular sounds

- /

-number 8

-makes pharyngeal sounds

- /

-number 10

-number 14

-males glottal sounds

-[h], [ʔ]

-number 17

-makes laryngeal sounds

-[ʔ]

tounge tip / apex:

-number 9

-apical sounds

-[θ], [ð], [ɹ], [l]

Tounge blade / lamina:

-number 11

-makes laminar sounds

-[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [ʃ], [ʒ], [tʃ], [dʒ]

Tounge front:

-number 13

-makes mediodorsal sounds

[j], [ɪ], [iː], [e], [æ]

Tounge back / dorsum:

-number 15

-makes dorsal sounds

-[k], [ɡ], [ŋ], [ʊ], [uː], [ɒ], [ɔː]