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What are characteristics about helical and icosaedric capsids?

  • helical:
  • identical monomers
  • variable packaging capacity


  • icosaedric:
  • formed form several, not identical building blocks
  • fixed capacity
  • quasiquivalence of building blocks in larger shells

Describe the capsid assembly of Herpesviruses.

  • 1.) Assembly of subunits
  • 2.) Formation of scaffold
  • 3.) Assembly of capsid around scaffold (using portal as nucleation point)
  • 4.) Degradation of scaffold
  • 5.) Packaging of DNA

Describe the packaging of (+)ssRNA viruses.

  • concerted assembly
  • RNA folded in secondary structures
  • multiple, very short packaging signals
  • RNA/capsid binding induces conformational change => drives assembly

Describe the packaging of Herpesviruses

  • Stepwise assembly
  • Uncoated dsDNA
  • ATP-dependent packaging
  • Packaging at special „penton“: portal complex
  • Terminase complex: UL15/UL28
  • Packaging signals (pac1, pac2) bound by UL28
  • Cut at a-sequence once capsid full 

Describe the packaging of Influenza virus.

  • Stepwise assembly
  • RNA coated with NP
  • Segmented genome
  • Packaging signals at genome termini
  • Evidence for association between RNA segments


In which ways can lipids be coupled to proteins?

  • Myristylation
  • Palmitoylation
  • Isoprenylation

How can proteins be additional processed in the Golgi?

  • Glycan processing
  • Protease processing
  • Oligomerization

What are liquid-like-factories?

  • formation of membrane-less compartments in cells
  • formation is concentration dependent
  • Modulated by posttranslational modifications and/or nucleid acids
  • Scaffold molecules as drivers of phase separation

How is the nucleocapsid from Influenza A virus transported to the cytoplasma?

  • Export through nuclear pore
  • Viral nuclear export protein (NEP) binds to M1 on nucleocapsids
  • Activity of NEP is regulated by NEP phosphorylation via ERK

How is the nucleocapsid from Herpesvirus transported to the cytoplasma?

  • UL34= membrane protein --> recruits UL31 to inner nuclear membrane
  • UL31 and UL34 recruit PKC
  • Phosphorylation of lamins: removal of nuclear matrix (mimicks cell division)

What are late domain motifs?

  • short peptide motifs in proteins that are necessary for virus release (membrane fission)
  • bind cellular proteins organizing vesicle budding

What are the functions of ESCRT?

  • Abscission (mitosis)
  • Formation of multivesicular bodies
  • Exosome formation


  • Viruses reroute ESCRT for their own purpose 

What are the differences between self-assembly and assisted-assembly?

  • Self-assembly:
  • Retrovirus gag


  • assisted-assembly:
  • Proteins or nucleic acids assist particle formation
  • Herpesviridae, Picornaviridae