basic knowledge

divides concrete utterances into individual speech sounds (actual use)

3 branches: articulatory, acoustic, auditory

describe how the speech organs produce the sound

studies the physical properties of speech sounds

perception of speech sounds by the listener

konwledge of the sound system of a language (theoretical)

2 branches: - segmental & suprasegmental

possible combinations of sounds

(=prosody), concerned with features of pronunciation

differ in meaning and in only one sound (eg: ship-rip-dip)

smallest meaning distinctive unit in the sound system of a language

actual realisation of a phoneme

set of phones that realise the same phoneme (eg: aspirated, non-aspirated p)

allophones are mutually exclusive, never occur in the same environment (eg: devoicing, fronting)

choice of allophone depends on factors such as variety, social class, situation (eg: butter, fish and chips)

shows articulatory details

alterations indicated by diacritics

spoken language at the level of phonetics

shows distinctive features only ignores allophonic variation at the level of phonology

one sound influence the sound of another

=anticipatory (Vorwegnahme) (eg: that pig, ten bikes)

= reciprocal assimilation

two neighbouring sounds fuse into one (Had you opened)

a sound is deleted (eg: raspberry - mid consonant elision)

elision and compression can occur together (eg: camera, police)

elision without compression (eg: last night, nect week - t-elision)

insert a sound (eg: chance)

two syllables become into one (eg: threatening)

elision and compression can occur together (eg: camera, police)

compression without elision (eg: threatening -> n loses syllable status and becomes part of the second syllable)

study of possible combinations of phonemes

a syllable that has a stromng vowel as its centre, irrespective of whether it is stressed or unstressed

a syllable that has a weak vowel as its centre