RIB Multiple Choice

Which of the following best corresponds to the correct definition of statistically significant?

• 1. A statistically significant effect is likely to replicate in new data
• 2. A statistically significant effect is surprising under the assumption that there is no effect in reality
• 3. A statistically significant effect occurred by chance
• 4. A statistically significant effect is large and important

What is the primary purpose of theory in business research?

To generate statistical data for decision-making

To establish a a way of explaining observed associations between phenomena

To ensure a deductive approach is used to make inferences

To provide a practical guide for how to choose methods such as surveys and interviews

The social sciences have a strong tradition of using concepts. What is a concept?

• It is an explicit statement of what it is the researcher wants to know about.
• It refers to a label we give to aspects of the social world that have common features.
• It is a blueprint of what a researcher wants to study.
• It is a way of explaining observed patterns of associations between phenomena

Assuming a linear relationship between X and Y, which of the following is true if the coefficient of correlation (r) equals -.30?

• The slope (b1) is negative
• The variance of X is negative
• Variable X is larger than variable Y
• There is no correlation

Which approach is associated with theory being the outcome of research?

• Empirical
• Inductive
• Deductive
• Positivist

A business researcher hypothesises that "Increasing advertising spending will lead to a rise in sales". They then conduct an experiment where they allocate different levels of ad spendings to two stores and measure resulting sales. After analyzing the data, the researcher concludes that the hypothesis is supported. This is an example of

• Deduction
• Induction
• Reduction
• Abduction

What test would you use to test for the significance of individual regression coefficients in a multiple regression model with more than two explanatory variables?

• Z test
• Wald test
• t test
• F test

For a single test, when you set alpha to .05, how likely are you to make a Type 1 error?

• Less than 1%
• 5%
• 95%
• Less than 5%

Which type of variable corresponds to the presumed cause in an experimental design?

• Control variable
• Dependent variable
• Confounding variable
• Independent variable

How do people judge risk? When making risk judgments, people rely on availability and affect as convenient heuristics. The two heuristics share many similarities and yet there have been no or few attempts to ascertain their causal impact on risk judgments." (Efendic, 2021) Given this information, which research design is best suited?

• Cross-sectional design.
• Case study design.
• Experimental design.
• Comparative design

Which of these tests could be used to obtain an indirect effect estimate in a mediation analysis?

• Lavene's test
• Sobel test
• Kruskal-Wallis test
• Durbin Watson test

What is response bias in social science research?

• The tendency for respondents to provide honest and accurate answers
• A systematic error introduced into survey results due to the way questions are framed
• The use of random sampling techniques to ensure representativeness
• A systematic error introduced into survey results due to the way questions are framed

A researcher asks her participants to, at the end of her study, report their email adresses so that they could participate in a lottery as a thank you. Which ethical principle could be violated?

• Anonymity
• Reactance
• Use of deception
• Confidentiality

What does the following expression mean (H0: b1 = 0)?

• Mean-Y does not change as a result of a change in X.
• Mean-Y changes as a result of a change in X.
• Mean-Y value is equal to 0 when X=0.
• Mean-Y value becomes 0 as a result of a change in X.

Which methodology is commonly associated with the generation, rather than the testing of theories?

• Qualitative
• Experiments
• Quantitative
• Surveys




When a researcher "controls for" third variables statistically, what type of analysis is likely being used?

• Multiple regression
• Independent samples t-test
• Simple regression
• Correlation

In a regression analysis, the intercept indicates:

• The point where the regression line crosses the Y axis
• The direction of the regression line
• The point where the regression line crosses the X axis
• The slope of the regression line

A researchers concludes that there is no effect, when in fact the effect is

true. Which type of error is this?

• Type 1
• Туре 3
• Type 4
• Type 2

When comparing quasi-experiments to true experiments, which validity is relatively weaker and which is relatively stronger?

• Construct vs. Statistical
• Statistical vs. Construct
• Internal vs. External
• External vs. Internal

Complete this equation: total effect =...+indirect effect. What should be in place of "....”

• impartial effect
• partial effect
• direct effect
• full effect

A researcher runs a mediation analysis. The analysis shows that there is a significant total effect (c path) and that paths a and b are significant. There is a significant indirect

effect. When the researchers takes into account the mediator, the c path becomes insignificant. What type of mediation is this?

• Full mediation
• Indecisive mediation
• Decisive mediation
• Partial mediation

Imagine you are reviewing two research studies. Study A claims to have consistent and stable results over time and across different conditions. Study B, reports similar results when conducted by a different researcher using the same methods and data. Which term best describes the characteristic of Study B?

• Reliability
• Replicability
• Validity
• Generalizability

Which technique can be used to address the threat of order effects in within subject

designs?

• Adding control variables
• Pre-test
• Statistical power
• Counterbalancing

A study has three treatment groups (treatmant A, treatment B, and control). Select the statement that is true respective to the study.

• This is a one-way design
• This is a four-way design
• This is a three-way design
• This is a single-way design

A researcher edits data points to make results fit a specific hypothesised pattern. Which term describes this misconduct?

• Fabrication
• Plagiarism
• Falsification
• Selective reporting

In a study, a business researcher collects data on customer purchasing behaviour from a sample of 100 online shoppers and observes that 76% of them make a purchase when offered a 10% discount. Based on this observation, the researcher concludes that offering discounts can positively impact customer purchase decisions. This is an example of:

• Reduction
• Abduction
• Induction
• Deduction

What is the primary purpose of mediation analysis in business research?

• To understand the underlying mechanism or process by which one variable influences another
• To examine the direct relationship between two variables
• To explore the moderating effect of a third variable
• To establish a causal relationship between two variables

What is the primary purpose of theory in business research?

• To generate statistical data for decision-making
• To establish a a way of explaining observed associations between phenomena
• To ensure a deductive approach is used to make inferences
• To provide a practical guide for how to choose methods such as surveys and interviews.

A study finds a strong association between size of adolescent friend group and later smoking behavior. The researchers find that once trait extraversion is taken into account, the association goes away. What type of variable is extraversion?

• Moderator
• Confounding variable
• Third variable
• Mediator

A researcher runs a study and performs a single statistical test. The test shows that the

p-value is .16. What SHOULDN'T the researchers conclude?

• That it is unknown whether the effect is there or not
• That there is no effect
• That the effect is statistically insignificant
• That they should run another study

In a simple linear regression model, where we regress hours practiced for a test on test

results, what does the intercept (b0) represent?

• The predicted value of test result.
• The estimated change in average test result per unit change in hour practice.
• The variation around the line of regression.
• Predicted value of test result when hours of practice equals 0.

An analysis strategy where a model that does not contain an interaction effect is compared to a model that does contain it is referred to as:

• Multi-level regression
• Moderated regression
• Multiple regression
• Simple regression

In a research design where the A factor has 2 levels (A1 and A2) and the B factor has two levels (B1 and B2), their line plot indicates two parallel lines that are not crossing. From this line plot, which is true?

There is a main effect of A and a main effect of B

A and B together affect each other

There is an interaction between A and B

There is no interaction between A and B

A regression analysis is NOT appropriate when:

• The pattern of datapoints (scatterplot between variable X and Y) forms a reasonable straight line.
• There is heteroscedasticity present.
• You want to make predictions for one variable based on information about the other variable.
• You have two variables measured on an interval and or ratio-scale

A researcher is attempting to measure feelings of anxiety. Theoretically, we expect that anxiety should be distinct from other emotional states like boredom and sadness. The researcher measures the association between feelings of anxiety and these other emotions, and overall finds that the correlations are weak, close to zero. Which of the following is true?

• Convergent validity is supported
• Discriminant validity is not supported
• Convergent validity not supported
• Discriminant validity is supported

Which factor can help mitigate some limitations on generalizability in business research?

• Using convenience samples
• Drawing conclusions without running statistical analyses
• Ignoring outliers in data analysis
• Conducting research in a controlled environment

When two lines cross on a line graph representing an interaction between 2 factors, we can talk about a:

• Ordinal interaction
• Atypical interaction
• Disordinal interaction
• Customary interaction

A researcher conducted a study of depressive symptoms and self-esteem. They found that people who were low in self-esteem were more likely to suffer from depression. They would like to argue that low self-esteem contributes to depression. All of the following affect their ability to make claim EXCECT what?

The researcher has not manipulated and randomly assigned participants to levels of a variable

The study fails to rule out possible third variables

The study does not establish temporal precedence

They have not observed correlation between the variables

A researcher has the following research question: What is the likelihood of graduates obtaining employment based on their social media usage patterns? This type of research question is best described as?

Predicting an outcome.

Comparison.

Developing good practice(s).

Explaining causes and consequences of a phenomenon.

A mediation test shows that M is a significant mediator between X and Y. Select the

wrong

conclusion from this:

• M is truly a mediator between X and Y
• There are probably other potential mediators between X and Y. Further testing is necessary.
• There could be a confounder between Y and M
• M could be the mediator between X and Y

Which of the following best corresponds to the correct definition if statistically significant?

• A statistically significant effect is likely to replicate in new data
• A statistically significant effect is surprising under the assumption that there is no effect in reality
• A statistically significant effect occurred by chance
• A statistically significant effect is large and important

A research team plans to investigate the impact of training methods (in-person, online or no training) and employee experience (start of employment and after 2 years) on sales performance. Just from this, what do you think is the typical factorial design used here?

• Within-subject design
• Mixed methods
• Between-subject design
• Mediation design

A researcher observes a strong correlation (r = .49) between two variables. Which of the following is definitely true?

• The effect is replicable
• The effect size is large
• The effect is statistically significant
• The effect is valid

When there is no true effect, and assumptions for a t

test are met, which p-values are more likely?

• P-values less than.05
• All p-values are equally likely to be observed
• p-values between.1 and .8
• p-values higher

Which threat means that participants with systematically different kinds of characteristics end up in the treatment group versus the control group?

• Pre-testing
• Confounding
• Order effect
• Selection bias




A research team runs a study and they run a statistical test that shows a p-value of < .000001. What should they NOT conclude?

• That this is a statistically significant effect
• That this effect is extremely surprising
• That this effect has a low p-value
• That this is a really strong effect

A researcher runs a study and obtains a statistically significant effect. Which of the claims below is true?

• The effect in question is undoubtedly true
• The effect in question is not stable
• The effect in question is small
• The effect in question is statistically significant but the researcher should do more studies

Which of these is one of the main weaknesses of longitudinal designs?

• Low reliability
• Participant attrition
• Acquiescence bias
• Low predictive validity

What factor(s) determine whether or not an obtained correlation coefficient between

two variables will be found to be statistically significant.

• All these answers in the answer-block.
• The absolute value of the correlation coefficient.
• The sample size.
• The level of statistical significance at which the hypothesis test is being conducted.

Business research, unlike other social science research fields, has a unique relationship

with:

• The research community
• Practice
• Consumers of research
• Funding agencies

Which of the following best corresponds to the correct definition of statistically

significant?

• A statistically significant effect is likely to replicate in new data
• A statistically significant effect is surprising under the assumption that there is no effect in reality
• A statistically significant effect occurred by chance
• A statistically significant effect is large and important

Which conclusion can you draw based on the results?

• Internal reliability of your scale seems to be below the acceptance criteria
• The indicators of your scale seem to be consistent among themselves
• The inter-rater reliability of your scale indicates that there is a lack of consitency between participants
• Internal reliability results are all within the acceptance levels

You run a One-Way Anova comparing three groups. The results show that the F value is 0.134. What is the likely p-value?

• Smaller than .01
• Between 0.134 and 0.234
• Larger than .05
• Smaller than .05

Which of the following questions do you think is an example of a badly worded questionnaire question?

Compared to your last stay with us, how would you say your current stay compares?

Did you visit the gym during your stay in the hotel?

To what extend where you satisfied or dissatisfied with the service of our hotel?

How likely are you to recommend our hotel?

The proportion of a sample that did not participate or provide a response in the study is known as:

Response rate

Response unit

Response bias

Non-response

Why do qualitative researchers prefer to

give detailed descriptions of social settings?

A. It makes their research interesting

B. They have enough time to do so

C. Because it adds complexity to their research

D. To provide contextual understanding of social behavior

Q2: The flexibility and limited structure of qualitative research designs is an advantage

because: A. The researcher imposes a predetermined formats on the social world

B. It simplifies the research process by eliminating the need for rigorous planning

C. The researcher can adapt their theories and methods as the project unfolds

D. It guarantees conclusive and generalizable results.

Q3: Which of the following is NOT a

component of the criterion

"trustworthiness"?

A. Transferability

B. Measurability

C. Dependability

D. Credibility

Q4: Respondent validation is the process by which:

A. The validity of an interview schedule can be measured

B. Researchers ask their participants to comment on an account or the findings

C. The problem of low response rates to a survey can be

overcome

D. Participants collaborate with the researcher to design theresearch

Q5: Which of the following is NOT a type

of qualitative interview?

A. Unstructured interview

B. Oral history interview

C. Structured interview

D. Focus group interview

Q6: Why is it helpful to prepare an interview guide before conducting semi-structured interviews?

A. So that the data from different interviewees will be comparable and relevant to your research question

B. So that you can calculate the statistical significance of the results

C. In order to allow participants to have some control over the topics they discuss

D. To make the questions more representative

Q7: What is a "probing question"?

A. One that asks indirectly about people's opinions.

B. One that encourages the interviewee to say more about a topic.

C. One that enquires about a personal issue.

D. One that moves the conversation on to another topic.

A sensitizing concept is one that:

A. Provides general guidance for more flexible research B. Imposes a predetermined theoretical model on the social world

C. Helps a researcher to investigate sensitive issues

D. Allows the researcher to measure very small changes in a variable

09: Which of the following is NOT a

criticism of qualitative research?

A. The studies are difficult to replicate

B. There is a lack of transparency

C. The approach is too rigid and inflexible

D. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic

Q10: Which problem is often associated

with qualitative research?

A. Problem of inference

B. Problem of generalization

C. Problem of accuracy

D. Problem of credibility

Q1: In short, what is ANOVA?

A. A technique used to compare means of two or more groups

B. A mathematical model used to predict the outcome of categorical variables

C. A technique used to estimate the parameters of a linear regression model

D. A programming language commonly used for statistical analyses

Q2: In what way is ANOVA similar to regression analysis?

A. Both are used exclusively with categorical predictors

B. Both are used exclusively with categorical outcomes

C. Both try to understand variance in the data that comes from different sources

D. Both are used almost exclusively in business research

Q3: A study has three treatment groups (treatment A, B, and C)

A This is a one-way design

B. This is a two-way design

C. This is a three-way design

Q4: You run a One-Way ANOVA comparing three groups. The results show that the F

value is F = 0.13. What is the likely p-value?

A. Larger than .05

B. Smaller than .05

C. Smaller than .01

D. Between 0.13 and 13.0

05: Select the correct response for "A signiticant overall (or omnibus) effect of an ANOVA indicates":

A. At least one group differs sig. from the other groups and from zero

B. There is a significant difference between the means of all groups

C. There is not signiticant difference between groups

D. Results are inconclusive and more research is needed

Q6: The percentage of a sample that agrees to participate in a study is known as:

A. Non-response

B. Response bias

C. Response unit

D. Response rate

Q7: In a study, a researchers wants to interview 100 employees from a large company. To ensure a representative sample, she decides to randomly select 10 employees from each company department. What sampling method is being used?

A. Simple random sampling

B. Stratified sampling

C. Convenience sampling

D. Systematic sampling

Q8: We can talk about sampling bias when:

A. The sample size is too small

B. The sample is collected using biased sampling techniques

C. The sample is distorted such that some groups are over- and some under-represented

D. The sample is not randomly selected from the population

09: What is probability sampling?

A. Sampling where researchers deliberately selects members from the population

B. Sampling where the size of population is irrelevant to selection

C. Sampling where researchers rely on intuition for selection

D. Sampling where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

Q10:What is so "convenient" about convenience samples?

A. That these samples answer positively to survey requests

B. That these samples are available to us

C. That these samples help us make generalizable claims

D. That these samples like our research