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Q1: Why do societies regulate work through laws and norms beyond private contracts?
A: To ensure justice, prevent exploitation, and protect worker dignity against power asymmetries.
Q2: What aspects of work should remain entirely beyond the reach of public law?
A: Personal fulfillment, emotional satisfaction, and the choice to pursue meaningful but unpaid work.
Q3: According to Karl Marx, what happens to workers under capitalism?
A: They experience alienation from their product, process, self, and others.
Q4: Why does John Rawls consider meaningful work to be crucial for individuals?
A: It serves as a vital foundation for underpinning self-respect.
Q5: What are the four core ethical criteria used to assess a robot-work future?
A: Distribution of benefits, human dignity/meaning, leisure/autonomy, and social cohesion.
Q6: What is the primary purpose of the "veil of ignorance" in Rawls' theory?
A: To ensure impartiality and fairness by stripping decision-makers of knowledge about their personal social status or talents.
Q7: State the core rule of Rawls' Difference Principle.
A: Social and economic inequalities are permissible only if they work to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged.
Q8: What is "reflective equilibrium" in political philosophy?
A: A process of mutual refinement where considered moral judgments and theoretical principles are adjusted until they align.
Q9: Why did Aristotle famously describe humans as "political animals"?
A: Because humans possess speech and reason (logos), making them naturally inclined to live in political communities to pursue the good life.
Q10: How does Aristotle define a true citizen?
A: Someone who actively participates in the administration of justice and deliberative office.
Q11: How does Aristotle distinguish a "right" regime from a "corrupt" regime?
A: Right regimes rule for the common good; corrupt regimes rule purely for the self-interest of the rulers.
Q12: What does Aristotle claim is the real distinguishing feature between democracy and oligarchy?
: Social class: democracy is rule by the poor, while oligarchy is rule by the wealthy.
Q13: Why does Aristotle advocate for a constitution dominated by the middle class?
A: The middle class promotes moderation, balances the extremes of rich and poor, and provides the greatest political stability.
Q14: Name the five core principles of applied AI ethics used in algorithmic governance.
A: Beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and explicability.
Q15: What does the principle of "explicability" mean in ethical AI systems?
A: It requires algorithmic processes to be both intelligible (understandable) and accountable to humans.