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_ means 'shortage of blood' lack of blood' and thus a shortage of oxygen and glucosis.
Ischaemia means 'shortage of blood' lack of blood' and thus a shortage of oxygen and glucosis.
A _ is characterized by ischaemia as it is caused by an occlusion of a vessel.
A brain infarction is characterized by ischaemia as it is caused by an occlusion of a vessel. At the basis of an occlusion/infarction lies often atherosclerosis, caused by e.g. a high level of cholesterol.
The opposite of ischaemia, is a _, a bleeding, caused by a rupture of a blood vessel.
The opposite of ischaemia, is a hemorrhage, a bleeding, caused by a rupture of a blood vessel.
Ischaemia means 'shortage of blood' lack of blood' and thus a shortage of oxygen and glucosis. A (hemorrhage/brain infarction) is thus characterized by ischaemia as a (hemorrhage/brain infarction) is caused by an occlusion of a vessel. The opposite of ischaemia, is a(hemorrhage/brain infarction), a bleeding, caused by a rupture of a blood vessel. At the basis of an occlusion/infarction lies often atherosclerosis, caused by e.g. a high level of cholesterol.
Ischaemia means 'shortage of blood' lack of blood' and thus a shortage of oxygen and glucosis. A (hemorrhage/brain infarction) is thus characterized by ischaemia as a (hemorrhage/brain infarction) is caused by an occlusion of a vessel. The opposite of ischaemia, is a(hemorrhage/brain infarction), a bleeding, caused by a rupture of a blood vessel. At the basis of an occlusion/infarction lies often atherosclerosis, caused by e.g. a high level of cholesterol.
The brain areas that are vascularized by the (middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery) are crucial for face, hand, and arm function. The leg area is more located at the medial side of the brain, and has its blood supply from the (middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery).
The brain areas that are vascularized by the (middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery) are crucial for face, hand, and arm function. The leg area is more located at the medial side of the brain, and has its blood supply from the (middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery).
Why the leg is much less affected (but affected!) than the arm/hand in case of an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery?
Why the leg is much less affected (but affected!) than the arm/hand in case of an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery?
The leg area is more located at the medial side of the brain, and has its blood supply from the anterior cerebral artery. That is why the leg is much less affected (but affected!) than the arm/hand in case of an occlusion of the middle cerebral artery.
Muscles that show a disinhibition, i.e. a high tone, also paraphrased as hypertonia or spasticity, are the _ muscles.
- are the extensors of the leg and the flexors of the arm.
Muscles that show a disinhibition, i.e. a high tone, also paraphrased as hypertonia or spasticity, are the antigravity muscles.
- are the extensors of the leg and the flexors of the arm.
Excitatory glutamate neurons in the cortex excitate (stimulate) the GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons of the basal ganglia..
- resulting in more (exictation/inhibition) of the inhibitory dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
- dopaminergic neurons will (excitate/inhibit) less the excitatory cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglia.
- the excitatory cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglia will (excitate/inhibit) the inhibitory GABA- neurons of the basal ganglia more
- finally resulting in a net (excitatory/inhibitory) effect on the thalamus.
= the thalamus will transmit senso-motor information in a (excitated/inhibited) way to the cortex.
Excitatory glutamate neurons in the cortex excitate (stimulate) the GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons of the basal ganglia..
- resulting in more (exictation/inhibition) of the inhibitory dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
- dopaminergic neurons will (excitate/inhibit) less the excitatory cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglia.
- the excitatory cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglia will (excitate/inhibit) the inhibitory GABA- neurons of the basal ganglia more
- finally resulting in a net (excitatory/inhibitory) effect on the thalamus.
= the thalamus will transmit senso-motor information in a (excitated/inhibited) way to the cortex.
In Huntington’s disease the strong inhibitory net effect of the GABA-neurons on the thalamus is damaged, resulting in less inhibition of the input to the thalamus.
Clinical outcome: the thalamus transmits information to the cortex in a less inhibited way, so the patient show a senso-motor (underactivity/overactivity)! This is expressed in the _ (dance movements) of Huntington.
In Huntington’s disease the strong inhibitory net effect of the GABA-neurons on the thalamus is damaged, resulting in less inhibition of the input to the thalamus.
Clinical outcome: the thalamus transmits information to the cortex in a less inhibited way, so the patient show a senso-motor (underactivity/overactivity)! This is expressed in the chorea (dance movements) of Huntington.