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How do you report correlation results?

X was/ was not significantly correlated with Y, showing a small/medium/large association (r=, p=).

 How do you report regression results?

X has a significant positive/negative influence on Y (b=, p=). One unit increase in X leads to an increase in Y by b.

What is R² and adjusted R² in regression?


  • R²: Variance explained by one variable.
  • Adjusted R²: Variance explained by multiple variables.


How do you report an independent t-test?

On average, participants with X did more/less (M=, SE=) than those without X (M=, SE=). This difference (MD) was (not) significant [t(df)=, p=].

 How do you report a paired-sample t-test?

On average, participants with X did more/less (M=, SE=) than those without X (M=, SE=). This difference (MD) was (not) significant [t(df)=, p=].

How do you report chi-squared test results?

There was(n’t) a significant association between X and Y (X²=, p=).

How do you report ANOVA results?

There was(nt) a significant effect of X on Y, F(df between, df within) =, p =. Tukey post-hoc tests revealed (no) significant differences between groups.

 How do you report ANCOVA results?

The covariate Z was(n’t) significantly related to Y, F(df, df error)=, p=. There was(n’t) a significant effect of X on Y after controlling for Z, F(df, df error)=, p=.

How do you report factorial ANOVA results?

Significant main effect of X on Y: F(df, df error)=, p=.

Significant main effect of Z on Y: F(df, df error)=, p=.

Significant interaction between X and Z: F(df, df error)=, p=.

What are the thresholds for effect sizes?

Small: R² ≥ 0.02

Medium: R² ≥ 0.13

Large: R² ≥ 0.26

What does the F-statistic in regression represent?

It shows how adding new variables changes the model fit. A significant F-statistic indicates a meaningful improvement.

When to use 1-sided vs 2-sided t-tests?


  • 1-sided: When the direction of effect is assumed.
  • 2-sided: When no direction of effect is assumed.