Grammatik

e.g. live, work, dance

sigmal words-> never, often, always, every day

1.Habits

2.Facts

3.Permanent Situations

4.stative verbs

5.Future events on a timetable

6.Instructions and headlines

7.Conditional 0 and 1 (likely to happen)

e.g. have/has repaired/ written

-been for passiv

signal words-> never, ever, already, since, recently, in the past few years

1.Actions happening until now, not finished

2.Past action with present result

3.Announcements

e.g. met/ caught/ washed

-was for passiv

signal words->ago, when, recently, yesterday, it is high time

1.Finished action in the past (short duration)

2.past action in chronological order

3.Conditional 2: hypothetical (if I had... I would...)

e.g. had left/ had drunk

-been for passiv

signal words-> already, never, once, by 1999, last week, ago, before

1.event completed before antoher

2.historical event

3.conditional 3: impossible (If i had... I would have...)

e.g. working/ living

signal words->currently, while, at the moment

1.now, temporary situations

2.used to imply annoyance

3.background story

4.planned future event starting now

e.g. have/ has been living/working

signal words-> all day, since, since then, for, the whole day

1.temporary action & action in progress till now

2.how long sth has been happening

e.g. was doing/ wearing

signal words-> while, at that moment, during, constantly, still

1.sth happend before & after sth

2.parallel/ interrupted action in the past

3.temporary duration (completed)

e.g. had been raining

signal words-> how long, since, for, for years, for quiet some time

1.long events which took place before another action in the past

Will+ infinitive

signal words-> t think, probably, likely

1.Spontaneous decisions

2.predictions

3.Facts in the future

4.promises & threats

be going to+ infinitive

1.Decisions already made before speaking

2.Predictions based on evidence (it is going to rain)

3.Intentions (i am going to meet sb tomorrow)

to, about, in, at, from, into, on , for, of, by, with

1.after auxiliary or do

2.express a persons purpose

3.desire, opportunity, expectation

-specific preference (i like to drink my tea hot)

see, hear, feel, smell, taste, observe, watch, sense

-infinitive (without to) when action conplete

-ing when action is in progress

Rivers, German-language mountains, roads or streets named after places, parliaments, museums, galleries, banks, hotels, parts of towns, Organizations with individual letters (EU, UN), musical instruments, dances, Die Vergangenheit, Die Gegenwart, Die Zukunft, some countries

abstract things (love, freedom, democracy, literature), Mountains, lakes, lochs, cathedrals, churches, palaches, castles, stations, airports, organizations like Nato, die meisten= most

opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material

synthetic: one syllabel or ending yowle

-> -er/ -est (bluest)

words ending with consonant ->doubling

analytic: more syllabels

-> more/most

e.g. seldom, often, common, gorgeous, pleasant, lively

in a... way/manner

disyllable: both possible

e.g.stupid, clever, cowardly, happy, polite, quiet

position: before noun more permanent (the visible stars), afzer noun more temporare (the stars visible)

some adjectives meaning change depending on position

e.g. present before = gegenwärtig/ derzeitig

       present after = anwesend

positions:

Front (before subject) = Connectors or Sentence Advervs

Mid (before main verb) =Focus Adverb (also), Frequency, Intensifier

End (after main verb) = Manner, Place, Time, Frequency

Some adverbs can have both endings:

water runs deep = not shallow

opinion is deeply = very

work hard =hard work

work hardly = almost not working

adjectives ending in -ic by adding -ally

-> exception: publicly

defining: essentiell information

-no comma

-that, who(m), which, whoses, why, where, when

-contact clauses possible sometimes

non-defining: additional information

-comma!

-who(m), which, whose, where, when

-coordinate clause sometimes

essentiell:

use infinitive when:

1.modal auxiliary

2.will future

3.superlative or ordinal number

use present participle when:

1.progressive

2.simple and indefinitier acendent

non-essentiell:

use present participle when:

1.simple or progressive

Time: -ing

Reason: -ing

Result: so+ adjective+ as to + verb

Purpose: infinitive/ in order to

Concession: Despite/ In spite of +Gerund

Being used when: Because, after prepositions, passive progressive

-never use comma

-when you can replace that by which it is a adjectival clause

-infinitive with will, should, could

-other verbs: Gerund

-delte 'the fact that' or 'because'

-some adjectives = use preposition+Gerund or to infinitive

-verbs of perception= to be/ to have

Gerund= past

infinitive= future/ now

forgotten taking out the trash -> forgit if you have done it in the past

forgot to take out the trash -> forgot to take you the trash in now