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Which paradigm is associated with quantitative research?

Positivism

What ontology is associated with quantitative research?

Realism

What epistemology is associated with quantitative research?

Radical objectivism

What methodology is associated with quantitative research?

Verification

What does positivism imply about truth?

There is only one truth

How does realism describe reality/research? Mention 4 things

  1. Reality is objectively observable
  2. Reality is independent of human knower
  3. It is generalisable to other situations
  4. Cause and effect

What does radical objectivism imply about reality?

People can provide an objective, value-free description of reality

What are the 2 aims of verification?

Hypothesis testing and produce generalisable data

Which paradigm is associated with qualitative research?

Constructivism

Which ontology is associated with qualitative research?

Relativism

Which epistemology is associated with qualitative research?

Radical subjectivism

Which methodolody is associated with qualitative research?

Interaction

What does constructivism imply about truth?

There are multiple truths/realities

What does relativism imply about reality?

There are multiple realities that rely on the context in which they're found. Reality is subjective.

What is meant with radical subjectivism?

Reality is constructed from interactions between people

What are characteristics of interaction? Name 2

  1. Inductive approach
  2. Theory building

What is the definition of qualitative research?

The study of the nature of phenomena in the context in which they appear

Name 5 characteristics of qualitative research?

  1. Exploration/explanation (how, when, why)
  2. Sense-making
  3. Iterative process
  4. Data collection until data saturation
  5. Theory building
  6. Intensive
  7. Time-consuming

Name 5 methods of qualitative data collection

  1. Dialogue (interview)
  2. (participant) Observation
  3. Sound recordings
  4. Visual materials
  5. Documents

What is ontology?

The nature of our beliefs about reality. It makes researchers question their assumptions about reality.

What is epistemology?

The study of the nature of knowledge and the process by which knowledge is acquired and validated.

What is methodology?

The discussion of how a particular piece of research should be undertaken.

What is methods?

Means of collecting and analysing data.

What can you study through interviews? Name 4

  1. Experiences
  2. Knowledge
  3. Perspectives
  4. Opinions
  5. Behaviour
  6. Feelings

What three froms of interviews exist?

  1. Open
  2. Semi-structured
  3. Fully structured

What is the ethnographic cycle?

 The data collection cycle

What three circles exist that are interconnected in qualitative research?

  1. Ethnographic
  2. Analytic
  3. Design

What are the 3 steps of thematic analysis?

  1. Coding of fragments
  2. Analysis of codes (patterns and relations; reducing and structuring; adding new codes)
  3. Clustering codes into categories and themes

What 4 methods of qualitative data analysis exist? Are they inductive or deductive?

  1. Directed --> deductive
  2. Summative --> deductive
  3. Thematic --> inductive
  4. Grounded theory --> inductive

Describe directed analysis. Give at least 1 pro and con

  • Relies on a pre-existing framework
  • Codes and categories stem from previous research
  • Pro: simple analysis; guidance from previous research
  • Con: bias by preconceived ideas

Describe summative analysis. Give at least 1 pro and con

  • Describe a phenomenom using a list of words/phrases
  • Relies on previous research
  • Quantification of codes
  • Borders on quantitative research
  • Pro: less complicated analysis
  • Con: inattention to context

Describe thematic analysis. Give at least 1 pro and con

  • No framework
  • Coding using data
  • Categorisation and themes
  • Concept development
  • Pro: no bias from frameworks
  • Con: time-consuming

Describe grounded theory analysis. Give at least 1 pro and con

  • Theory forming
  • Coding using data
  • Pro: little bias; theory grounded in data
  • Con: time-consuming

What are the 4 criteria for appraisal of qualitative research? What do they mean?

  1. Credibility --> truth value
  2. Transferability --> applicability
  3. Dependability ---> consistency
  4. Confirmability --> neutrality/objectivity

What are the 3 main questions of the CASP checklist?

  1. Are the results valid?
  2. What are the results?
  3. Will the results help locally?

What 6 factors determine whether the results are valid according to the CASP checklist?

  1. Clear aim
  2. Appropriate method
  3. Appropriate research design
  4. Appropriate recruitment strategy
  5. Correct data collection
  6. Possible bias consideration

Why is flexibility important in quantitative research?

  • Dynamic nature of data
  • Emergent design
  • Iterative process

Why would you report the gender of the researcher?

  • Transparency
  • Cultural sensitivity
  • Feminist of gender studies
  • Trust and rapport
  • Ethical considerations

Why report participant's knowledge on researcher?

Influence on participations

  • Trust and rapport
  • Pre-existing relationship
  • Giving expected answers

What are criteria when assessing an interviewee's answer? Name 4

  1. Relevance
  2. Clarity
  3. Depth and detail
  4. Consistency
  5. Coherence
  6. Completeness
  7. Honesty and openness

Give 4 characteristics of inductive qualitative research?

  1. Observations/patterns to theories (formulation of theories)
  2. No preconceived theories
  3. Flexible
  4. Lower risk of confirmation bias
  5. Grounded theory and thematic analysis

Give 4 characteristics of deductive qualitative research?

  1. Starting with a theory/framework
  2. To confirm existing theory
  3. Structured approach
  4. Hypothesis testing
  5. High risk of confirmation bias
  6. Less flexible
  7. Summative and directed analysis