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what is a reward?

an object or event that elicits approach and is worked for (associated with wanting and liking)

what is liking characterised by?

feeling of pleasure (explicit) and other objective responses (implicit)

what is wanting characterised by?

feeling of desire and approach behaviour

what is the clinical relevance of rewards and associated emotional states?

  • alterations in brain substrates of reward-related processes are likely mechanisms underlying addiction
  • our experience of pleasure and desire can also be altered in neuropychiatric disorders including depression

what are classical techniques to identify brain substrates of reward?

  • intracranial electrical self-stimulation
  • intracranial drug self-administration
  • intrumental conditioning (appetitive)
  • intracerebral microdialysis to measure neurotransmitters associated with rewarding stimuli

what type of dopamine do drugs of abuse and natural rewards such as food increase?

accumbal dopamine

what does blocking accumbal dopamine transmission block?

the behavioural effects of rewards

what part of the brain was stimulated when rats pressed a lever?

nucleus accumbens

how can be used to look for dopamine release?

a PET scan

how is the meso-corticolimbic dopamine system related to brain rewrad connectivity?

  • rewards increase NAC dopamine
  • systematic and intra-NAC dopamine antagonists block responses normally maintained by reward

how is the cholinergic projection from PPTg to VTA involved in brain reward?

  • electrical self-stimulation
  • cholinergic drugs are self administered into VTA most important being nicotine

how are glutamate projection from mPFC to VTA related to the brain reward circuit?

  • electrical self-stimulation
  • stimulate dopamine release in NAc

what is an objective measure of liking?

facial expressions

what increases the wanting response?

amphetamines (decrease liking and increase wanting)

what is experiencing pleasure associated with?

opiod receptors

what do the nucleus accumbens and dopamine both play a role in?

fear related processes and rewarding related states and responses

what does the amygdala play a role in as well as fear related responses?

responses to appetitive stimuli

what brain substrates contribute to fundamental cognitive processes that are associated with both aversive and appetitive stimuli?

  • dopamine
  • nucleus accumbens
  • amygdala